I Asked Gemini: What Is the Most Replicable Language Phenomenon?

Sun, 08 Mar 2026 11:00:00 +0000

I once chatted with colleagues who study word acquisition, and we generally agreed that the most replicable phenomenon in language research is the Word Frequency Effect. Out of curiosity, I asked Google Gemini:

What is the most replicable language acquisition effect in psycholinguistics?

As expected, Gemini gave the same answer: the Word Frequency Effect.

The Scientific Perspective: What Is the Word Frequency Effect?

To the best of my knowledge, discussions of the word frequency effect date back to at least 1935 (see ).

Simply put, the word frequency effect means that the more often a word appears, the easier it is for the brain to recognise it. Eye-tracking studies in psycholinguistics show that readers spend significantly less fixation time on high-frequency words. For psycholinguists, the word frequency effect is one of the most robust findings in the language acquisition literature.

Isn’t the Word Frequency Effect Just “Practice Makes Perfect”?

Teachers, and even laypeople, might react to this idea by saying:

What’s so special about the Word Frequency Effect? Isn’t it just practice makes perfect?

……

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Science Is Not a Golden Rule: A Teacher’s Journey into the Replicability Crisis

Sun, 01 Mar 2026 11:00:00 +0000

When I was studying education at university, I strongly believed in one thing: scientific research backed with empirical evidence was trustworthy. It must be.

If a paper contained experiments, data, and statistical analyses, that was scientific evidence. At most, I would check which university had published the study. The more prestigious the laboratory, the more credible it should be, right? And these education theories with scientific backing? Teachers should be able to confidently use them as guidelines when designing instructional methods, right?

Later, I went to teach in primary schools in Hong Kong. I taught the Chinese language.

In Hong Kong, many schools collaborate with universities on research projects. This is, in fact, a good thing: students receive free resources and training, schools obtain professional support, and teachers feel that they are standing at the forefront of science, contributing to research.

University research funding is generally invested in lower primary levels (Grades 1 and 2), as well as students with special educational needs (such as children with developmental dyslexia or language disorders).

When I first entered the profession, the school assigned me to teach Primary 1 Chinese. At the beginning of the semester, we used a literacy curriculum developed by a local university research team. This curriculum adopted a “concentrated character-learning approach” (Notes: in the Chinese language, a Chinese word is in the form of a character. A character that has a meaning attached to it is called a “word”.): characters sharing the same components (for example, the same semantic or phonetic radicals) were grouped together and taught systematically and intensively. In theory, this approach, concentrated character learning, should facilitate character acquisition as children can learn a large batch of semantically or phonologically-related characters in one go.

But gradually, I began to feel confused. My students became more familiar with the meanings or pronunciations of these Chinese characters’ components. However, from what I observed, concentrated learning of characters that share the same radicals did not necessarily help children differentiate and encode these orthographically / semantically / phonologically similar characters. Learning batches of characters with the same component together actually created interference and confused the meanings of those words.

How scientific, exactly, were these scientific methods? ……

Check out the full text on my Substack:

Replicability Crisis | Anna Yi Leung

I Asked Gemini: What Is the Most Replicable Language Phenomenon?

The Scientific Perspective: What Is the Word Frequency Effect?

Isn’t the Word Frequency Effect Just “Practice Makes Perfect”?

Science Is Not a Golden Rule: A Teacher’s Journey into the Replicability Crisis